The Redeeming Features of the Characters in Electra Essay -- Euripides

The Redeeming Features of the Characters in Electra   In Euripides' 'Electra', there are various parts, talking and non-talking, that uncover the recovering highlights of the in any case sad characters. This exposition will think about the jobs of Orestes, Electra, Clytemnestra, the Peasant and Aegisthus (whose activities are just answered to us).  It is questionable that the characters are not redeemable due basically to the plot of the play: a child returns, murders his dad's contemptible replacement, his mom (with the guide of his sister) and was sent away toward the finish of the play by divine judgment. His sister helped him in the matricide and is sent away too. Be that as it may, it is unreasonable for all the characters of a disaster not to have any great characteristics. The idea of disaster, as indicated by Aristotle, is to conjure feel sorry for ('kitharsis'), purging the spirit - this can not be summoned if the characters are terrible individuals, since we will have no sympathy. Aristotle portrayed Euripides as the most shocking of the poets... so it is likely for the dramatist to adjust to Aristotle's' guidelines for catastrophe. Terrible happenings ('hamartia') are required to happen to great individuals, who may not be totally honorable yet are still decently acceptable. For instance, in Oedipus Rex, Oedipus hate s the predictions of Apollo however he is a respectable King, who feels sympathy for his kin and his predetermined blow was just the aftereffect of his ignorant activities.   â â â â â â â â â â Orestes is the avenging child of Agamemnon, came back to his country. We would anticipate that this man should be the lamentable saint of the play yet he doesn't comply with the determinations. He is definitely not a ground-breaking character and is continually needing direction, acting essentially as a stacked gun (What do you suggest?). When ... ...er in the play's term, with a background marked by murder that appears to be separated from this individual as we see her. At last, Aegisthus, however friendly to his visitors, has an unquestionable history of homicide and the individuals are glad to see him go. In the event that he has redeemable characteristics, they are not many.  Works Cited Euripides. Electra. Trans. Philip Vellacott. Medea and Other Plays. Baltimore: Penguin Classics, 1963. 105-152, 201-204. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. Trans. Clifton Fadiman. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Perseus Encyclopedia. Overhauled 1999. Tufts University. www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-canister/encyclopedia?entry=Euripides>. Powell, Barry. Old style Myth. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001. Walk, Jennifer.â Euripides the Mysogynist?â Euripides, Women, and Sexuality.â Ed. Anton Powell.â New York: Routledge, 1990.

ASSIGNMENT Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task - Annotated Bibliography Example two years uncovered that the understudies had higher accomplishments in understanding perusing, jargon perusing, and calculation of science, language articulation and better cooperation with different understudies. The debilitated understudies were more acknowledged than it was in the convention school. The talented understudies are additionally observed to perform well than it was before the task. The genuinely debilitated understudies are increasingly valued by their companions and this encourages them to investigate their latent capacity. They can do a great deal of work and accomplish more than their friends who are not debilitated. The creator look into unmistakably delineates that collaboration among educators, parent, and kids impacts decidedly on the improvement of the youngster and their accomplishment. The creator has likewise brought up that the truly disabled understudies can progress nicely on the off chance that they are not secluded fro others. There is no contrast bet ween the truly tested understudy and the typical understudies when all are dealt with similarly. The exploration is altogether down to earth since it utilize the understudies as the subject just as the crowd. The subsequent article was investigating the impacts of companion joint effort on kids number juggling and self managed learning aptitudes. Friend joint effort bunches were looked at utilizing the conventional technique and the free strategy to evaluate the progressions among the kids. The advancement of the understudies was controlled according to their observations, capacity in number juggling, self directed learning in arithmetic, just as quantitative ideas. The results of the test uncover cap there is no huge change in surveying between showing techniques while evaluating number juggling in computation and aggregate. Friend joint effort is powerful than free and conventional work for students’ natural inspiration. In the examination, the creator has focused on the communication of the friends in their investigations. Friend bunches inspire one another, and most school ought to embrace bunch learning frameworks to propel their understudies. The

10 Olympic Athletes Daily Habits to Inspire You

10 Olympic Athletes Daily Habits to Inspire You Olympic athletes are some of the most amazing people in the world. They perform physical feats that leave us wondering whether they have some superhuman abilities we do not know about.In addition to their extraordinary physical performance, Olympic athletes are the embodiment of determination, dedication, drive, passion, and self-discipline. They train for years, some even from childhood, with the aim of shining at the world stage.They work out every single day, following complex and rigid diet programs and rigorous training regimes. All this is not easy, yet they follow through every single day and eventually wow us when they get their chance at the Olympics.While there are several factors that make Olympic athletes successful, including their hard work, their self-discipline, their determination and their passion, there is one factor that seldom gets the recognition it requires â€" their habits.If you examine the lives of Olympic athletes in detail, you will discover that every sin gle one of them has very strong habits and routines that they follow strictly every single day. Their habits keep them going even when faced with obstacles.The habits play a very important role in making them the successful athletes they are. Fortunately, some of these habits are not restricted to the gym and the track.Some of them can also be applied in our daily lives.Below, we take a look at the daily habits of 10 Olympic athletes that should inspire you to reach out for success in your life.VISUALIZING YOUR GOALS â€" THOMAS DANIEL Thomas Daniel is an Austrian modern pentathlete. Thomas started his career as a modern pentathlete in the year 2000 and became a professional athlete in 2003. He is notable for being the first modern pentathlete from Austria to qualify for the Olympics in a period of more than two decades.Thomas represented Austria in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, though he did not win a medal. He also competed and won an individual gold medal at CISM Modern Pent athlon Championships in 2008.Thomas says that his greatest habit that he gives much credit for his achievements is visualizing his goals. Long before the 2012 Olympics started, Thomas would dedicate some time each morning and each evening to visualize how the event would be.In his mind, he created a detailed picture of the stadium where the event would be taking place and how he would handle each competition.Once the games started, he applied the same tactics he had applied numerous times in his mind. He believes this habit helped him deliver his best performance during the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.While you might have no dreams of competing in a pentathlon, this habit can be very useful in your day to day life. Visualization is great for a number of reasons. First, visualization helps your mind to figure out what resources it will need to help you achieve your goals. Visualization also gives you an inner motivation to push towards your goals since you have a clear and detailed pic ture of what exactly you want to achieve.Visualization also promotes positive thinking, which is an important element in achieving your goals. Some people do not believe in the power of visualization, yet it been scientifically proven to work.You can start using visualization in your life by picturing situations in your mind going as you would like them to go.Whether you are going for an interview, a salary negotiation, or preparing to give a presentation or a speech, you should visualize yourself doing it successfully before you actually go to the interview or presentation.While it is impossible to predict what will actually go on during the interview, negotiation or presentation, having envisioned yourself doing it successfully will increase your chances of a positive outcome.CONSISTENCY â€" IWAN THOMAS Iwan Gwyn Thomas is a Welsh sprinter who enjoyed an illustrious athletics career before injuries pushed him away from the track. Thomas represented Great Britain and Northern Irela nd in the 4x400m relay in the 1996 Olympic Games where he won a silver medal. Thomas has also competed in several other world events representing Wales.In 1997, he won a World Championship gold in the 4x400m relay. He also won two gold medals in the European Championships and a gold and silver medal in the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. As a result of his exploits on the track, he was recognized as the Wales Sports Personality of the Year in 1998.Thomas credits much of his success on the track to his consistency. The Olympics happen once in every four years, yet for Thomas, there was no time to slack off in between games.For the four years before the next Olympics, Thomas used to consistently show up for training even though the games were a long way off. The training was part of his life, and he dedicated every single day to it.During the Olympic year, there is a temptation by athletes to make their training more aggressive. However, Thomas says that consistency is key. If you have been consistently training the right way, there is no need to change anything. In his words, “if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it.”This is a great deal of inspiration. Imagine training consistently every single day, waiting to see your results after four years. Very often, we want to achieve results instantly and are not willing to put in a great deal of effort upfront. If you want to achieve great results, you need to think like an Olympic athlete.Figure out what you need to do on a daily basis in order to achieve your results, do it consistently every single day and you will be guaranteed to get the results you want.HAVE CLEAR LONG TERM GOALS â€" MICHAEL PHELPSI bet everyone has heard of American competitive swimmer Michael Phelps. Phelps has competed in 5 Olympic Games and is the most decorated and most successful Olympian of all time, having won a total of 28 Olympic medals during his career. He is also the all-time record holder for most Olympic gold medals with a tot al of 23 medals and Olympic gold medals in individual events with a total of 13 medals.He is also the all-time record holder for most Olympic medals of any color in individual events with a total of 16 individual medals. In addition to being the most successful all-time Olympian, Phelps is also the long course world holder in several competitions, including the 100 meter and 200 meter butterfly and the 400 meter individual medley. This is just but a fraction of his achievements as a top athlete.Phelps says that one thing that has contributed to his success as a swimmer is that he always had a clear long term goal. As an athlete, he did not just think about the next practice, the next race or the next competition.Instead, he set goals that he wanted to achieve in the next 5, 10 or 20 years. He had his goals written down and kept them on a nightstand where he could look at them every morning and every evening. Keeping his long term goals fresh in his mind helped him maintain his disci pline. Whenever he had the temptation to go out partying, eat badly or not show up for practice, thinking of his long term goals was enough to help him make the right decision.Just like Michael Phelps, it is important to have long term goals, both for your career and your life. Write them down and keep them in a place where you can see them every single day.Having clear long term goals helps you to make the right decisions whenever you are in a position that could potentially derail you from achieving what you want. It keeps you committed and helps you resists the temptations of short term pleasures.According to this study, people with written goals are more likely to achieve to succeed that those without goals.PRIORITIZE YOUR SLEEP â€" USAIN BOLTJamaican Sprinter Usain Bolt is another well-known Olympic athlete and is currently the fastest man in the world and the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the current world record holder in the 100 meter and 200 meter sprint as well as t he 4100 meter relay. Bolt has competed at the Olympic Games three times (2008, 2012 and 2016), where he won 9 gold medals.He is also the only sprinter to have won the gold medals in both the 100 meter and the 200 meter races in three consecutive Olympic Games. He is also an 11-time World Champion and is considered the most successful athlete in the World Championships. Bolt has also received several awards such as the Track Field Athlete of the Year, the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year and the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of The Year. What’s the secret behind his success?Though Bolt did a number of things to maintain his position as the fastest man in the world, including lots of training, eating lots of veggies and even avoiding sex before races, one thing he gives a lot of priority is his sleep.Getting enough sleep is the key to giving his body to repair and build itself after being subjected to rigorous training throughout the day. He understood that all the effort he put in day after day would be all for nothing if he did not give his body time to rest and repair itself.How does this apply in your life? Very often, we tend to put all our focus on work while giving ourselves little time to rest. How many times have you heard people bragging about getting just a few hours of sleep because they were busy working? People forget that rest is important for your body.Not getting enough sleep can end up hurting your productivity, and even your health, in the long run. Not only does getting enough sleep make you more productive and efficient, it also increases your creativity, according to a study by researchers from the University of California.If you want to increase your chances of achieving success, it might be a wise move to start prioritizing rest and sleep, just like Usain Bolt.ONLY COMPETE AGAINST YOURSELF â€" ELIUD KIPOCHOGEEliud Kipchoge is a Kenyan long distance runner and a three time Olympic athlete. He won the gold medal at the 2016 Olympic marathon and is the current marathon world record holder after winning the 2018 Berlin marathon.He has also won several world championships and is also the holder of the world junior record in the 5000 meter track race. Kipichoge has won 9 gold medals and a total of 16 medals of all colors in all competitions. Still at the peak of his athletic career, Kipchoge is considered to be the greatest marathoner of the modern era.Kipchoge attributes much of his success to his habit of competing against himself. Being from Kenya, he is aware that he will compete against athletes who have better training facilities, better coaches and better equipment. Yet, this does not concern him. His only concern is improving himself. Kipchoge has a training book where he keeps record of every training session and every event he has competed in.He uses this book to keep review his performance and track his progress. In every training session, he works hard trying to shav e a few seconds from his best time. This is how he has managed to be the current marathon world record holder.This is a very important thing that you can learn from Eliud Kipchoge. Very often, people are more focused on comparing themselves with their peers and colleagues. Unfortunately, comparing yourself to others does not get you closer to your goals in any way.Instead, it takes your focus from your own work, affects your performance and discourages you.If you want to achieve success, you should stop competing with others and focus on competing with yesterday’s version of yourself. Keep finding ways in which you can make yourself better than you were and you will eventually become better than the competition.GET AN ACCOUNTABILITY BUDDY â€" CHLOE WOODRUFFChloe Woodruff is an American cross-country cyclist who has represented the country in various mountain biking competitions, including the UCI Mountain Bike World Championship and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio.For Chloe, one habit that has greatly contributed to her achievements as an Olympian is having an accountability buddy. For Chloe, her accountability buddy is fellow mountain biker Rose Grant. The two of them often work out and practice together, encouraging and motivating each other and ensuring that each of them does what is required of them.Chloe and Rose are not alone in this. Several other Olympic athletes train together for months or years before competing against each other on the world stage.Having an accountability buddy is a great trick to help you reach out for success. The idea behind this is to have enlist someone, such as a friend or a mentor, to ensure that you stick through with your plans.Many people often have plans and strategies on how they will achieve success, but then they lose track somewhere along the way.An accountability buddy monitors your progress and gives you little nudges whenever you start losing track.One study found that people who write down their goals, sha re the goals with a friend and give weekly updates to the friend are 33% more successful on average compared to those who have goals without sharing them with an accountability partner.BE OBSESSED WITH YOUR GOAL â€" MO FARAHMo Farah is a renowned British distance runner and the most successful British track athlete in the modern history. Mo Farah represented Britain in the 2012 and the 2016 Olympic Games, where he won the gold medals in both the 5000 meter and the 10,000 meter races. With a total of ten global titles, he is the most decorated athlete in history of British athletics.Farah was also the first British athlete to win double gold in the same Olympic Games. He has won the British Athletics Writers Association Athlete of the Year and the European Athlete of the Year more times than any other athlete. Farah was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II due to his contribution to British athletics.Farah says that the key to becoming a successful Olympic champion is to be obsessed with y our goals. Farah’s obsession with becoming a top runner started at the age of 14 when he was picked among the team to go to the British Olympics futures camp in Florida. From then, a large part of his life has been dominated by running.Everything he does is about his sport, to the extent that it even affects his family life. For instance, Farah spends six months away from his family every year due to his training requirements. Even when he is home, he cannot sleep in the same bed as his wife, since he is required to sleep inside an oxygen tent. Is that not the definition of being obsessed with your goals?While you do not have to sleep in an oxygen tent or at the office, the key to achieving your goals is to become obsessed with the goals and dedicate a huge chunk of your life to pursuing them. Once you develop the singleness of purpose shown by Olympic athletes, no goal will be too big for you to achieve.WATCH WHAT YOU EAT â€" NOVAK DJOKOVICDjokovic is a professional tennis player from Serbia who has competed in the Olympic Games three times. In addition to the Olympics, Djokovic has won several other tennis world titles and is currently ranked by the ATP as the number 1 men’s singles tennis player in the world, becoming the first Serbian player to get this ranking. Due to his prowess on the tennis court, he has won several awards, including the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year award and the Laureus World Sports for Sportsman of the Year (3 times).Part of Djokovic’s success stems from his eating habits. Djokovic is very careful about what he eats. Every morning, he wakes up to a cup of water, followed by two tablespoons of honey, followed by a power bowl comprised of mixed nuts, sunflower seeds, muesli or oatmeal, coconut oil, fruits and non-dairy milk.He does this every single day. This diet provides him with the energy he needs and hydrates his body, without stuffing him with unwanted sugars.Unless you are planning on becoming a top athlete, this diet might not be for you.However, there is something you can learn from Djokovic’s morning routine. The food you eat has a huge impact on how you look and feel. It affects your performance at work and your reactions in social interactions.If you want to improve your life for better, start watching what you eat. Fuel your body with whole and healthy foods and avoid junk and sugary foods. Don’t forget to drink a lot of water to keep your body hydrated.FOCUS ON THE SMALLER GOALS â€" GUS KENWORTHYGus Kenworthy is a British-born American freestyle skier who competes professionally in big air, half pipe and slopestyle. Gus has competed in the Olympic Games twice, winning two silver medals in the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and qualifying for the finals in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in PyeongChang.For Gus, the key to success is to focus on the small goals you need to accomplish each day rather than the end goal. This makes the end goal seem less daunting. When training , Gus does not focus on winning a medal at the Olympics. Instead, his focus is on ensuring that he gives his best effort during training each day. By giving his best during training, he can be confident that he will be able to deliver at the Olympics.This is a great habit to live by. When you have very ambitious goals, they can seem too lofty and unattainable, thus discouraging you. If you break down these goals into smaller goals that you can work on and achieve each day, the end goal becomes more attainable.By focusing on the smaller goals, you can also measure you progress with the full confidence that if you achieve each of these smaller goals, you will automatically achieve the bigger goal as well.IGNORE THE NAYSAYERS â€" AARON BLUNCKAaron is an American freestyle skier who has represented the country in both the 2014 and the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Aaron has also competed at the 2017 Winter X Games in Aspen and the 2017 World Championships, winning a gold medal in both even ts. For Aaron, the key to achieving success as an Olympic athlete is to learn to ignore the naysayers.As an Olympic athlete, you are put under scrutiny by millions around the world. There will always be those who doubt your abilities. According to Aaron, those who want to achieve success must learn to ignore their doubters, keep pushing forward and prove them wrong.Doubters and naysayers are not restricted to the Olympic arena. Once you start pursuing your dreams, there will be people close to you who will doubt your abilities and try to discourage you from going after your goals.You have to learn to ignore them and keep doing whatever you need to do in order to get wherever you want to get. If they are not saying something that will help you get closer to your dreams, don’t listen to them.WRAPPING UPOlympic athletes are the pinnacle of human physical performance. They put in a lot of effort to be able to perform the extraordinary physical feats that they are known for.In addition , they have certain routines and mindsets that make it easier for them to remain committed to their sports and to perform to the best of their ability.While you might not be planning to compete in the Olympics, there is a lot you can learn from Olympic athletes. Incorporating some of their routines and mindsets into your daily life, even if not to their level, can improve your life and career significantly.You might also have noticed that despite all of them being accomplished Olympic athletes, each of them has a routine that they swear by.What this means is that what works for one person might not work for the other.Therefore, you do not have to strive to do everything in this article. Instead, find out what works for you and apply it in your life.

Zhoukoudian Home of Peking Man

Zhoukoudian is an important Homo erectus site, a stratified karstic cave and its associated fissures located in Fangshan District, about 45 km southwest of Beijing, China. The Chinese name is spelled a variety of ways in the older scientific literature, including Choukoutien, Chou-kou-tien, Chou-kou-tien and today it is often abbreviated ZKD. To date, 27 paleontological localities–horizontal and vertical concentrations of deposits–have been found within the cave system. They span the entire Pleistocene record in China. Some contain the hominin remains of Homo erectus, H. heidelbergensis, or early modern humans; others contain faunal assemblages important to understanding the progress of climate change throughout the Middle and Lower Paleolithic periods in China. Important Localities A handful of the localities have been well-reported in the English-language scientific literature, including the localities with many hominin remains, but many have not yet been published in Chinese, let alone English. Locality 1, Longgushan (Dragon Bone Hill) is where the H. erectus Peking man was first discovered in the 1920s. Gezitang (Pigeon Hall or Chamber of the Pigeons), where evidence for controlled use of fire and many of the stone tools from ZDK, is also part of Locality 1.Locality 26, the Upper Cave, contained early modern humans associated with a rich cultural material.Locality 27, or Tianyuan Cave is where the earliest Homo sapiens fossil remains in China were discovered in 2001.Locality 13 is an early Pleistocene site; Locality 15 is Late Middle Pleistocene and early Late Pleistocene site, and Localities 4 and 22 were occupied during the Late Pleistocene.Localities 2–3, 5, 12, 14, and 19–23 do not have human remains but do have faunal assemblages which provide environmental evidence for Pleistocene China. Dragon Bone Hill (ZDK1) The best reported of the localities is Dragon Bone Hill, where Peking Man was discovered. ZKD1 contains 40 meters (130 feet) of sediment representing the paleontological occupation of the locality between 700,000 and 130,000 years ago. There are 17 identified strata (geological layers), containing remains of least 45 H. erectus and 98 different mammals. Over 100,000 artifacts have been recovered from the site, including over 17,000 stone artifacts, most of which were recovered from layers 4 and 5. Scholars often discuss the two main occupations as Middle Paleolithic (mainly in layers 3–4) and Lower Paleolithic (layers 8–9). Layers 3-4 (Middle Paleolithic) has been dated by the Uranium-series method to 230–256 thousand years ago (kya) and by thermoluminescence to 292–312 kya, or (representing Marine Isotope Stages MIS 7-8). These layers included a succession of silts with e\clay and sands rich in phytoliths (a type of plant residue), burned bone and ashes, likely evidence of intentional fire, and were laid down during a period of warm to mild climate with open grassland, some temperate forest.Layers 8-9 (Lower Paleolithic) consisted of 6 m (20 ft) of limestone and dolomitic rockfall debris. Aluminium/Beryllium dating of quartz sediments returned dates of 680-780 kya (MIS 17-19/Chinese loess 6-7) which match a faunal assemblage that suggested cold-climate fauna with steppe and forest environments and a trend over time towards increasing grasslands. The environment included a mixed c3/c4 vegetation and strong winter monsoons, and a diversity of large mammals, including non-human primates. Stone Tools Reassessment of the stone tools at ZDK has contributed to the abandonment of the so-called Movius Line—a theory from the 1940s that argued that the Asian Paleolithic was a backwater that made no complex stone tools such as those found in Africa. The analysis indicates that the assemblages do not fit a simple flake tool industry but rather a typical early Paleolithic core-flake industry based on poor-quality quartz and quartzite. A total of 17,000 stone tools have been recovered to date, mostly in layers 4–5. Comparing the two main occupations, it is apparent that the older occupation in 8–9 has larger tools, and the later occupation in 4–5 has more flakes and pointed tools. The main raw material is non-local quartzite; the more recent layers also exploit the local raw materials (chert). The percentage of bipolar reduction artifacts discovered in layers 4–5 indicate that freehand reduction was the dominant tool-making strategy, and the bipolar reduction was an expedient strategy. Human Remains All of the early Middle Pleistocene human remains recovered from Zhoukoudian came from Locality 1. A whopping 67% of the human remains exhibit large carnivore bite marks and high bone fragmentation, which suggests to the scholars that they were chewed by the cave hyena. Locality 1s Middle Paleolithic residents are thought to have been hyenas, and humans only lived there sporadically. The first discovery of humans at ZDK was in 1929 when Chinese paleontologist Pei Wenzhongi found the skullcap of Peking Man (Homo erectus Sinathropus pekinsis), the second H. erectus skull ever found. The first-ever discovered was Java Man; Peking Man was the confirming evidence that H. erectus was a reality. Nearly 200 hominin bones and bone fragments have been recovered from ZDK1 over the years, representing a total of 45 individuals. Most of the bones found before World War II were lost under unknown circumstances. Fire at Locality 1 Scholars identified evidence for the controlled use of fire in Locality 1 in the 1920s, but it was met with skepticism until the confirming discovery of even older Gesher Ben Yakot in Israel. Evidence for the fire includes burned bones, burned seeds from the redbud tree (Cercis blackii), and deposits of charcoal and ash from four layers at Locality 1, and at Gezigang (Pigeon Hall or Chamber of Pigeons). Discoveries since 2009 in Middle Paleolithic Layer 4 have included several burned areas which can be interpreted as hearths, one of which is outlined by rocks and contains burned bones, heated limestone, and lime. Redating of Zhoukoudian The most recent dates for ZDK1 were reported in 2009. Using a fairly new radio-isotopic dating technique based on decay ratios of aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 in quartzite artifacts recovered within the sediment layers, researchers Shen Guanjun and colleagues estimate the dates of Peking Man as between 680,000-780,000 years old (Marine Isotope Stages 16–17). The research is backed up by the presence of cold-adapted animal life. The dates mean that the H. erectus living in Zhoukoudian would have had to also have been cold-adapted, additional evidence for the controlled use of fire at the cave site. In addition, the revised dates inspired the Chinese Academy of Sciences to begin a new long-term systematic excavation at Locality 1, using methodologies and with research aims undreamt of during Peis excavations. Archaeological History The original excavations at ZKD were led by some of the giants in the international paleontological community at the time, and, even more importantly, were the first training excavations for the earliest paleontologists in China. Excavators included Canadian paleontologist Davidson Black, Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson, Austrian paleontologist Otto Zdansky; the French philosopher and cleric Teilhard de Chardin was involved in reporting the data. Among the Chinese archaeologists at the excavations were the father of Chinese archaeology Pei Wenzhong (as W.C. Pei in the early scientific literature), and Jia Lanpo (L.P. Chia). Two additional generations of scholarship have been conducted at ZDK, the most recent excavations ongoing in the 21st century, international excavations led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences beginning in 2009. ZKD was placed on UNESCOs World Heritage List in 1987. Recent Sources Dennell, Robin. Life without the Movius Line: The Structure of the East and Southeast Asian Early Palaeolithic. Quaternary International 400 (2016): 14-22. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. Geophysical Investigations Identify Hidden Deposits with Great Potential for Discovering Peking Man Fossils at Zhoukoudian, China. Quaternary International 400 (2016): 30–35. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. Evidence of Hominin Use and Maintenance of Fire at Zhoukoudian. Current Anthropology 58.S16 (2017): S267–S77. Print.Li, Feng. An Experimental Study of Bipolar Reduction at Zhoukoudian Locality 1, North China. Quaternary International 400 (2016): 23–29. Print.Shen, Chen, Xiaoling Zhang, and Xing Gao. Zhoukoudian in Transition: Research History, Lithic Technologies, and Transformation of Chinese Palaeolithic Archaeology. Quaternary International 400 (2016): 4–13. Print.Shen, Guanjun, et al. Age of Zhoukoudian Homo Erectus Determined with 26al/10be Burial Dating. Nature 458 (2009): 198â €“200. Print.Zanolli, Clà ©ment, et al. Inner Tooth Morphology of Homo Erectus from Zhoukoudian. New Evidence from an Old Collection Housed at Uppsala University, Sweden. Journal of Human Evolution 116 (2018): 1–13. Print.Zhang, Yan, et al. The Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian: Evidence from Magnetic Susceptibility and Color Measurements. Chinese Science Bulletin 59.10 (2014): 1013–20. Print.

Internal Control and Fraud Detection in the Banking...

INTERNAL CONTROL AND FRAUD DETECTION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF GUARANTEE TRUST BANK PLC) BY OGUNDELE GBONJUBOLA 06271184 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, ABUJA, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC) HONOURS DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING JANUARY, 2011 DECLARATION Apart from references of other people’s work which were fully acknowledged, I hereby certify that this research work was wholly done by me under the guidance of my supervisor, Mallam Sani Gurowa of Department of Accounting, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.†¦show more content†¦Data captured for this study, were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The descriptive analysis involves the use of percentage, tabulation presentation. While the inferential statistical method involved the used of the chi-square. The functions of fraud prevention, detection and control are interwoven, as the three works together to eliminate fraud and fraudulent tendencies. Therefore, internal control is highly significant in fraud detection and preventions in banking sector. TABLES OF CONTENT Page Title page i Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v-vi Abstract vii Table of content viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 3 1.3 Justification for the study 4 1.4 Research hypothesis 5 1.5 Scope of the study 6 1.6 justification of the study 6 1.7 Significance of the study 1.8 Definition of terms 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Meaning of Internal control 10 2.3 Component / type of internal control 14 2.4 Objective of internal control 17 2.5 Essential element of internal control 18 2.6 Importance of internal control 20 2.7 Practical application of internal control 22 2.8 Types of bank frauds 23 2.8.1 Methods by which fraud can beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in the Banking Sector25289 Words   |  102 PagesMEASURES OF CURBING FRAUD IN THE BANKING SECTOR. BY ESSIEN NSIKAK U. 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Conflict Theorists Free Essays

Conflict theory was developed from the concern that the structural functionalism theory neglected conflict in society and was politically conservative. This conflict theory also addressed the perceived failure of structural functionalism to account for change in society (Ritzer, 1992, p. 61). We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Theorists or any similar topic only for you Order Now This theory has evolved to include elements of structural functionalism and traditional Marxist focus on dominant and subordinate groups. Conflict theory often depicts a: polarization of the forces of â€Å"law and order† on the one hand and left wing political activists and minority group members reacting to what they saw as excessive police repression of political protests and urban riots on the other (Giffen, et al. , 1991, pp. 8-9) This aspect of conflict theory assumes, however, that the dominant and subordinate groups are more or less homogenous in nature. Most research in the field of drug policy recently, however, deals with power being located in â€Å"institutional structures in society such as economic, governmental and religious institutions (Giffen, et al. 1991, p. 10)† that do not presuppose homogenous groups. An example of this would be the comment of Riley after attending a conference on drug issues in the United States, where he remarked that â€Å"many researchers felt the real reason for the war on drugs in that country was that it helped to suppress blacks and minorities. (Riley 1994b)† One of the failings of conflict theory becomes apparent when researchers in the history of this legislation find little in the actual discussion of the laws that pertains to race. Giffen, et al. (1991) write that the early legislation’s principle proponents had the â€Å"altruistic aims of supporting the international anti-opium movement† despite the anti-Chinese sentiment of the times (p. 525). The fact that the laws were used solely against the Chinese at first is indicative of this anti-Chinese sentiment, and not the creation of the laws themselves. Later legislation was driven mainly by enforcement officials, as there was little in the way of public outcry for more rigorous anti-opium legislation (p. 525). Johns (1991) under the heading â€Å"Race: The Creation of an Enemy Class,† writes bluntly: â€Å"The enforcement tactics of the War on Drugs are focused on minority populations† (p. 155). In her paper, Johns (1991) posits that the War on Drugs takes attention away from the factors which underlie the problems of drugs and trafficking, partly because the â€Å"more powerful segments in society† (p. 150) do not want attention focused the poor job they are doing to cure the ills of society. Johns also expands the group being oppressed to include the poor, who have been hit with massive housing and health care cuts under the Republican Presidencies. The dichotomy between those in power and minorities and the poor is self-perpetuating, in that these groups have a limited upward mobility (and, therefore crimes like trafficking in illicit drugs becomes appealing), and when they do try to increase their wealth through illicit means, those in power see that as justification for minorities and the poor being in the position they are in. The conflict theory is problematic in describing why there is a war on drugs. It may help to explain (as Johns (1991) successfully does) why a War on Drugs continues in the U. S. , but leaves unanswered questions when applied to other situations. How to cite Conflict Theorists, Papers

Charismatic Christianity Sociological Perspectives †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Charismatic Christianity for Sociological Perspectives. Answer: Introduction The Christian ethics can only be understood when one has a sound knowledge of the term Christian and ethics. It is known by almost all the people that those who follow the teachings of Jesus Christ are known as Christians. The values and principles that are considered in the lives of Christians are Christian ethics. These are core values and teachings of Jesus, in which he taught his followers about the conduct and way of life they should lead. According to Christianity the emphasis was always on love and sacrifice. A fundamentalist Christian though puts a lot emphasis on personal salvation. Ethics are often defined as moral values or standards of conduct of human beings. Christians follow their holy book bible that acts as their moral guidance. Bible tells Christians how their conduct should be in the society and from what all things they are required to refrain themselves. Christian ethics puts a lot emphasis on sinners, people who commit sins, that is basically the unethical pract ices and the judgment and punishment. According to Christianity, on the day of judgment all the sinners will be punished and those who righteously led their lives will get salvation. In Christian ethics salvation is very important. It is believed by Christians that deliverance from sins is brought by having faith in Christ and following his teachings (Wadell, 2016). Christianity and Politics As far as politics is considered in Christianity, it is very important to look back in the history. According to Christian belief church is being separated from religion but looking at it with historical perspective it can be seen that is very difficult to separate church from the politics. After the roman emperor Constantine into Christianity, the church gained Christendom, a power where it could create the king of the state and could also dethrone the king or the emperors if they do not perform their duties as per the church. All the people of the society were be considered as Christian and so the church interfered in politics. The present secular states are the result of Protestantism (Outka, 2017). According to Christian Political Ethicsthat has the views of some of the famous Christian scholars from different theological and ethical frame mainly the Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist--to address fundamental questions of state and civil society, international law and relations, the part of the nation, and matters of violence and its control. It represents a unique fusion of faith-centered ethics and social science; the contributors give their different personal Christian understandings, they describe the ethics as they understand it, that is both secular ethical thought and other some religious viewpoints from Judaism, Islam, and Confucianism. They look into different Christian views of state and society--and the limitations of each. They grab tensions that are raised within Christianity over issue of patriotism, civic duty, and loyalty to one's nation, and they examine Christian responses to pluralism and relativism, globalization, and war and peace. It shows the st riking pluralism that lies within Christianity itself. This leading volume shows the meanings of Christian citizenship and civic responsibility, and raises compelling new questions about civil disobedience, global justice, and Christian justifications for waging war as well as spreading world peace. It brings Christian political ethics out of the churches and seminaries to deal with the most sensitive and complex social issues of contemporary society. The source of most of Christian ethics is bible. For Christians bible has been the most appropriate to teaching, reapproving, correcting, and training Christians in righteousness (Raheb, 2014). Earlier the Old testament was the guiding book for the people, the books of the old testament guides the actions of the people and their actions, a lot of rules have been mentioned in the old testament regarding marriage and how people should lead their lives. Old Testament has the Ten Commandments found in the book of Exodus that is still considered as the basis of Christian ethics (Niebuhr, 2013). According to the New Testament, which in which the basis ofmoralityis theGreat Commandment, everyone should love and adore God with all heart, mind, might and soul, and to love one's neighbor as oneself.The teachings of Deut 6:4-9andLev 19:18, are reaffirmed by Jesus. Christ put together all these commands and represented himself as a model of the love required as mentioned inJohn 13:12, which is known also asThe New Commandment. Paul is one of the most important source of Christian history because he was an Apostle in his gospels he put emphasis on "Law of Christ", which is a phrase found in gospels of Paul though its understanding and the relationship ofPaul of Tarsus and Judaismremains a mystery till now. The Pauline writings are also the major source of theNew Testament household code. According to TheCouncil of Jerusalem, they said in Acts 15, which was held in Jerusalem in about 50AD. Its decree, is widely known and accepted as theApostolic Decree, it has been generally binding for several centuries and is still observed today by theGreek Orthodox (Marshall, 2014). One of the most controversial topics of all time is Abortion, as per the Christian ethics abortion is considered as sin, the church does not allow the parents to opt for abortion. Christian opinions on abortion are difficult to understand because there is no such prohibition of the act in the historical evidences. It has nowhere in the books been referred directly in both the Old Testament and New Testament books of theBible, which is followed by the Christians (Wells Quash, 2017). Some Christian writers say thatthe beliefs of earlier Christians had been variant depending upon the situations. Others say that, although nothing has been mentioned about abortion in the New Testament, it is being condemned irrespective of the stage of pregnancy, it is considered one of the most worst sin.The condemnation was maintained even when some of cases abortion is required and is not a murder of homicide. The destruction of a fetus not yet "formed" is considered as homicide according to the Churc hes. The Didache, a Christian writing of mid to late 1st century, forbids abortion in its Chapter two. As per the teachings of theRoman Catholic Church, "human life must be respected and protected right from the time of conception.Therefore, it is against the procedures that aim to destroy an embryo or fetus for any reason (even before implantation), but the church has admitted that acts, such as chemotherapy or hysterectomy of a pregnant woman who has cervical cancer, which indirectly leads to the death of the fetus, can be morally accepted.According to church holds Church that "the first right of the human person is his life" and that life begins right from the fertilization. Since the first century, the Church has declared that every act that leads to intentional abortion is a morally evil. As per the teaching that the Catechism of the Catholic Church has declared that the views "has not changed and remains unchangeable" (Hunt, Walter Hamilton, 2016). Since the twentieth centuryProtestantopinions on abortion has been changing, there Protestants can be found in both the "anti-abortion" and "abortion-rights" camps. Conservative Protestants are generally against abortion whereas "mainline" Protestants incline towards abortion-rights. African-American Protestants are more strongly taking a stand for anti-abortion than white Protestants.Even among Protestants there are people who believe that abortion should be legally accepted, also there are people who are against it and have a belief that it cannot be ethically unacceptable and hence it should remain illegal (Kreeft, 2016). Although bible does not say much onabortion, various readings of scripture make the Christians aware about the ethical views of this topic, including Genesis 4:1; Job 31:15; Isaiah 44:24, 49:1, 5; and Jeremiah 1:5, among others (Wright, 2013). The idea behind prohibition of Abortion is that according to Christianity there Ten Commandments which they have to follow and one command of the ten commandments is that one should not kill and abortion is kill a fetus, which develops into a child in the later stages if the child had not been killed or aborted (Heltzel, 2014). The Church of England wants people to reflect on the issue of abortion deeply and they have realized that every person is having a different opinion on the topic. However, the Church's governing body, The General Synod, has passed resolutions on the matters, which provide a strong Church of England position. The Church of England has the Roman Catholic view that abortion is 'gravely contrary to the moral law'. As the 1980 statement of the Board of Social Responsibility put forward. However, this statement does talk about those situations where abortion could be permissible. The 1983 resolution of Synod, after expressing concern about the number of abortions in recent years went on to recognize (Witherington, 2016). The Roman Catholic Church says that intentionally harming the fetus is a cruelest deed and wrong in every sense. It says that it is a doctrine of natural law and hence has been written as the word of God. The Church says that human life starts when a male sperm fertilizes the womans egg, and so fetus is living. From that very time a new life starts forming which is independent from the life of their biological mother and father. The characterstics that make children different from their parents like the color of our eyes, the shape of our face are all laid down in the genetic code that comes into existence gradually. Every new life that starts forming at this point is not a potential human being but a human being with potential. Since the sixteenth century, causing or having an abortion has led to automatic excommunication. This has been mentioned in the Code of Canon Law (1983): "A person who actually procures an abortion incurs automatic excommunication" (Davies, 2017). The Church condemned abortion in as early as the 2nd century CE: a document called theDidache, written in the 2nd century (sometime after 100 CE), states: "You shall not kill the embryo by abortion and shall not cause the newborn to perish". Pope John Paul II took a strong stance against it. He underpinned many of the pro-life groups which have been made to challenge the rules of abortion. The Church itself has played a major part in the politics of the abortion debate and has taken a very strong stance against abortion, describing it as murder (Crooks, 2015). In 1995, Pope John Paul II wrote an encyclical, which is basically a teaching letter to the whole Catholic Churches, calledEvangelium Vitaemeaning 'The Gospel of Life'. He said that the primary position of the Church. In his letter he directly referred to abortion, euthanasia and the destruction of human embryos evil and a sin. In October 1996, the Catholic Bishops of England and Wales published a document calledThe Common Good, which states that all human rights flow from one fundamental right: the right to life. Before that in 1980 a document in which the seven Catholic Archbishops of Great Britain England, issued a document which was called 'Abortion and the Right to Live (Simmons Sorrells, 2016). This document focused on the Church's opposition to abortion came from recognition of the basic rights of all individuals, including the unborn, who also have their own values. The Catechism of the Catholic Church has reiterated this as well. The 1992 version quotes from the documentDon um Vitae('the gift of life') from the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the department that looks into the matters of faith and morals (Atkinson et al., 2013). A few Catholics have different opinion with the Vatican line on abortion. They have given arguments against the total ban on abortion. Although the teaching of church has for a long time said that a foetus becomes a person when the egg is fertilised, distinguished theologians such as Augustine and Aquinas said this did not happen until between 40 and 80 days after conception. Other Catholics put an argument that the Church has a fixed position on the right to life of the foetus nonetheless. The Church has given affirmation to the right and the responsibility of every Catholic to follow his or her own intuition on moral subjects, even when it conflicts with Church teachings. It is often argued by people that they have their right to choose whether they want a baby and not (Brown, 2015). Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that the church has always been strict about the matter of Abortion, it does not matter whether the church is Evangelical, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal or Methodist. All of them are opposed to the idea of Abortion and it is a grave sin. However, in the modern times there are some who strongly support Abortion, these people are known as Pr-Choice and those against Abortion are known as pro-life. Today people do not restrict themselves to the rules made by the Churches so they oppose the old rules that have been prevailing from a very long time. There are cases where there are complications in delivery and so the child has to be aborted, in those cases the church is not much strict. The church also says that it is the responsibility of every Christian to judge their actions themselves and decide what is right and what is wrong. References Atkinson, D. J., Field, D. F., Holmes, A. F., O'Donovan, O. (Eds.). (2013).New dictionary of Christian ethics pastoral theology. InterVarsity Press. Brown, R. E. (2015).An introduction to the New Testament. Yale University Press. Crooks, R. H. (2015).Introduction to Christian Ethics. Routledge. Davies, J. G. (2017).Christians, politics and violent revolution. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Heltzel, P. (2014).Jesus and justice: Evangelicals, race, and American politics. Yale University Press. Hunt, S. J., Walter, T., Hamilton, M. (Eds.). (2016).Charismatic Christianity: sociological perspectives. Springer. Kreeft, P. (2016).The Philosophy of Jesus. St. Augustine's Press. Marshall, R. (2014). Christianity, anthropology, politics.Current Anthropology,55(S10), S344-S356. Niebuhr, R. (2013).Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Outka, G. (2017). The Ethics of Love and the Problem of Abortion.Church, Society, and the Christian Common Good: Essays in Conversation with Philip Turner, 146. Raheb, M. (2014).Faith in the face of empire: The Bible through Palestinian eyes. Orbis Books. Simmons, F. V., Sorrells, B. C. (Eds.). (2016).Love and Christian Ethics: Tradition, Theory, and Society. Georgetown University Press. Wadell, P. J. (2016).Happiness and the Christian moral life: An introduction to Christian ethics. Rowman Littlefield. Witherington III, B. (2016).New Testament Theology and Ethics(Vol. 2). InterVarsity Press. Wells, S., Quash, B. (2017).Introducing Christian Ethics. John Wiley Sons. Wright, C. J. (2013).Old Testament ethics for the people of God. InterVarsity Press.

Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Paper Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Paper and a series of fast moving images taken from the film are flashed before your eyes, fusing these images and dramatic music prepares you for and exiting yet traumatic film. You can tell from the onset which family is which just from the clothes that the boys of the separate families wear. The films costume designer had a tough job on her hands trying to differentiate the families as they were both alike in dignity. The Montagues, the family of Romeo played by the gorgeous Leonardo DiCaprio wear distinctively coloured Hawaiian shirts, have skin heads and show off their tattoos .The Capulets, the family of Juliet played by the beautiful Claire Danes on the other hand have an entirely different dress code they are far more decorative with expensive clothing and are accessorised with designer labels, belts and boots. The opening scene is one of great talent and skill in every way from the actors to the director, right down to the skill and precision of the special effects. With gunshots, fire and fast cars, combined with cheesy spaghetti western music and Jacki Chan Kung foo sounds this scene is one of the most exiting, exhilarating and humorous in the entire film.

Biography of Horace Greeley

Biography of Horace Greeley The legendary editor Horace Greeley was one of the most influential Americans of the 1800s. He founded and edited the New York Tribune, a  substantial and very popular newspaper of the period. Greeleys opinions, and his daily decisions on what constituted news impacted American life for decades. He was not an ardent abolitionist, yet he was opposed to slavery, and he was involved in the founding of the Republican Party in the 1850s. When Abraham Lincoln came to New York City in early 1860 and essentially began his run for the presidency with his address at Cooper Union, Greeley was in the audience. He became a supporter of Lincoln, and at times, especially in the early years of the Civil War, something of a Lincoln antagonist. Greeley eventually ran as a major candidate for president in 1872, in an ill-fated campaign which left him in very poor health. He died soon after losing the 1872 election. He wrote countless editorials and several books, and is perhaps best known for a famous quote he probably did not originate: â€Å"Go west, young man.† A Printer in His Youth Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, in Amherst, New Hampshire. He received irregular schooling, typical of the time, and became an apprentice at a newspaper in Vermont as a teenager. Mastering the skills of a printer, he worked briefly in Pennsylvania and then moved to New York at the age of 20. He found a job as a newspaper compositor, and within two years he and a friend opened their own print shop. In 1834, with another partner, Greeley founded a magazine, the New Yorker,  a journal devoted to literature, the arts and sciences. The New York Tribune For seven years he edited his magazine, which was generally unprofitable. During this period he also worked for the emerging Whig Party. Greeley wrote leaflets, and at times edited a newspaper, the Daily Whig. Encouraged by some prominent Whig politicians, Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841, when he was 30. For the next three decades, Greeley would edit the newspaper, which came to have a profound influence on the national debate. The dominant political issue of the day, of course, was slavery, which Greeley adamantly and vocally opposed. A Prominent Voice in American Life Greeley was personally offended by the sensationalist newspapers of the period and worked to make the New York Tribune a  credible newspaper for the masses. He sought out good writers and is said to be the first newspaper editor to provide bylines for writers. And Greeley’s own editorials and commentaries drew enormous attention. Though Greeley’s political background was with the fairly conservative Whig Party, he advanced opinions which deviated from Whig orthodoxy. He supported womens rights and labor and opposed monopolies. He hired early feminist  Margaret Fuller to write for the Tribune, making her the first female newspaper columnist in New York City. Greeley Shaped Public Opinion in the 1850s In the 1850s Greeley published editorials denouncing slavery, and eventually supported full abolition. Greeley wrote denunciations of the Fugitive Slave Act, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott Decision. A weekly edition of the Tribune  was shipped westward, and it was very popular in rural parts of the country. Its believed that Greeleys hardening opposition to slavery helped shape public opinion in the decade leading up to the Civil War. Greeley became one of the founders of the Republican Party and was present as a delegate at its organizing convention in 1856. Greeleys Role in Lincolns Election At the 1860 Republican Party convention, Greeley was denied a seat in the New York delegation because of feuds with local officials. He somehow arranged to be seated as a delegate from Oregon and sought to block the nomination of New York’s William Seward, a former friend. Greeley supported the candidacy of Edward Bates, who had been a prominent member of the Whig Party. But the tempestuous editor eventually put his influence behind Abraham Lincoln. Greeley Challenged  Lincoln Over Slavery During the Civil War Greeley’s attitudes were controversial. He originally believed the southern states should be allowed to secede, but he eventually came to support the war fully. In August 1862 he published an editorial titled â€Å"The Prayer of Twenty Millions† that called for the emancipation of the slaves. The title of the famed editorial was typical of Greeleys presumptuous nature, as it indicated that the entire population of the northern states shared his beliefs. Lincoln Responded  Publicly to Greeley Lincoln wrote a response, which was printed on the front page of the New York Times on August 25, 1862. It contained an oft-quoted passage: â€Å"If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.† By that time, Lincoln had decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. But he would wait until he could claim military victory after the Battle of Antietam in September before proceeding Controversy at the End of the Civil War Horrified by the human cost of the Civil War, Greeley advocated peace negotiations, and in 1864, with Lincoln’s approval, he traveled to Canada to meet with Confederate emissaries. The potential thus existed for peace talks, but nothing came of Greeleys efforts. After the war Greeley offended a number of readers by advocating amnesty for Confederates, even going so far as to pay for a bail bond for Jefferson Davis. Troubled Later Life When Ulysses S. Grant was elected president in 1868 Greeley was a supporter. But he became disillusioned, feeling Grant was too close to New York political boss Roscoe Conkling. Greeley wanted to run against Grant, but the Democratic Party was not interested in having him as a candidate. His ideas helped to form the new Liberal Republican Party, and he was the party’s candidate for president in 1872. The 1872 campaign was particularly dirty, and Greeley was viciously criticized and mocked. He lost the election to Grant, and it took a terrible toll on him. He was committed to a mental institution, where he died on November 29, 1872. Greeley is best remembered today for a quote from an 1851 editorial in the New York Tribune: Go west, young man. It has been said that Greeley thus inspired many thousands to set out for the frontier. The most likely story behind the famous quote is that Greeley had reprinted, in the New York Tribune, an editorial by John B.L. Soule which contained the line, Go west, young man, go west. Greeley never claimed to have coined the original phrase, though he later expanded upon it by writing an editorial with the phrase, Go west young man, and grow up with the country. And over time the original quote was usually attributed to Greeley.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Law - Essay Example dents being used human shields, â€Å"collateral damage† that may be wreaked on them as a consequence of the military initiative, would put the attacking forces at a disadvantage in the court of public opinion. 5. Such a ploy has been condemned by some groups such as Amnesty International as murder, inasmuch as death is meted out summarily without trial, and the â€Å"war on terror† is not really a war governed by the law on armed conflict, that the term is but rhetoric, and what should prevail is civil law that is applicable during times of peace. 1. Chiozza (2004) determined that the effect of conflict on the tenure of leaders is not ex post inefficient; i.e., defeat is costly for leaders of autocracies and mixed regimes, but not in democratic regimes where political institutions fundamentally mediate the costs and benefits of conflict and its outcome. Research also supports the finding that victory in war does not bring benefits, in terms of enhanced status or longer tenure for the incumbent leader. However, â€Å"popular† conflict may enhance the prospects of an office-seeking political leader, but as to how precisely and what factors are involved should still be a matter of further inquiry. The study asserts that a study focusing on the qualities of leaders may provide important new rationalist explanations for war. 2. Gartzke (2001) examined the effect of interdependence among countries as a deterrent to the outbreak of armed hostilities between them. The study found that it is likely that economic integration facilitates a reduction in the frequency of disputes by making it easier for states to engage in signalling short of military violence. Linkages among countries promote non-violent competition and peaceful conflict resolution, and this study has shown evidence that such a prospect is no longer merely utopian, but occurs in actuality. 3. Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996) examine militarized interstate disputes through empirical patterns in the

Closed Circuit Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Closed Circuit Television - Essay Example But generally speaking the number of staff to monitor the whereabouts of the children would go down. If properly equipped advanced CCTV technology is used, facial recognition and the use of multiple cameras at once can cut down on time to locate a specific child when his or her caregivers come to pick them up. Different colored badges for the children can also be used to readily distinguish between boys and girls. DISADVANTAGES The presence of CCTV does not mean that the daycare administration can relax by turning over the task of safety and security to a system. Rather the CCTV should supplement the already established security in place. Extreme care and caution should be used when sending a child off from the center and care should be taken to see that the child leaves with an established and known caregiver or relative. In case the staff suspects anything out of the ordinary, contact must be established with the parents or caregivers of the child in every doubtful circumstance. An other thing is that the persons monitoring the CCTV cameras must be alert and vigilant at all times. There should be proper shifts established and more than one person monitoring at one time, depending on the size of the center. A plan should be in place as to what to do in case of suspicious activity.

Internationalization Strategies | Suzuki and Essel Propack

Internationalization Strategies | Suzuki and Essel Propack 1) Introduction Of the many internationalization theories posited, the Uppsala model (Cavusgil, 1980, Johanson Vahlne, 1977) stands out as the most popular and will form the basis of this analysis of this analysis of the internationalization strategy adopted by the companies mentioned in this case study. This model hypothesizes the internationalization process is a result of an epistemic understanding of the internationalization market. The internationalization process is a result of a gradual improvement in the understanding of the international and takes place in a linear sequential fashion. In essence, The Uppsala model construes internationalization intent as an outcome of the psychic distance between two locations i.e similarities between markets in terms of business culture and market understanding influence the decision to penetrate that market (Johanson Vahlne, 1977). The Uppsala model consists of the following stages:- †¢ Need Based Sporadic Exports †¢ Regular Exports through Independent Agents †¢ Creation of subsidiaries abroad to commercialize their product †¢ Producing their products abroad 2) Companies Analyzed The companies that I have selected to analyze are:- a. Essel Propack ( Indian sub-continent Tubing Industry ) b. Suzuki ( Japan Automobiles) The companies have been selected primarily due to convenience of data available online and the fact that both companies are held by parents which operate in major international markets. 3) Essel Propack The case study reveals how a company (Essel Propack) based in an emerging market transforms into an innovative, high-tech industry and a leading player in the tubing industry. A large number of firms from developing markets are now tuning into international markets with the intent of turning into multinationals. These firms are giving substantial competition to existing multinational companies from developed countries. Starting from a developing country, Essel Propack today has twenty-four manufacturing facilities in 13 countries, and has a compelling 32 per cent (estimated) global market share. Clearly then, it has emerged as the leading specialty packaging company in the world. The key to the success of EPLs internationalization strategy has been to effectively use acquisitions to grow and rapidly expand. Acquisitions make it easy to quickly own market knowledge effectively. Access to market knowledge is facilitated by owning a subsidiary abroad as the first penetration point. 4.I. Packaging industry and market dynamics With increasing competition and a wide spectrum of indistinguishable products the quest to own a differentiator has moved to packaging in several consumer product industries. Packaging has become a crucial part of the overall product and differentiation strategy. Companies are paying more attention towards packaging in a bid to garner more recognition/recall share which ultimately leads to realising better revenues. The global packaging industry is estimated to be US $580 billion with a 5 per cent growth per annum. Polymers are central ingredient for modern packaging because polymers offer a number of advantages such as cost effectiveness including logistic cost, lower weight, convenient handling, minimum wastage, more compatibility with designs and aesthetics. Polymers are preferred to many other packaging options like glass, jute, paper, metals and wood. Such is the demand that packaging now accounts for about 25 per cent of total global polymer demand. Tubes are a special form of packaging and find application in oral care, healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, hair care, pharmaceutical, food and some industrial products. There are mainly three categories of tubes used for packaging applications namely aluminum, laminate and plastic. Tube packaging began with aluminum tubes which are now being increasingly replaced by laminated and plastic tubes. 36 billion tubes per year are manufactured globally out of which 42% are aluminum tubes, 39% billion are laminated tubes and 19% are plastic tubes. The Tube packaging industry has become extremely competitive in recent years and several changes have occurred in its structure: †¢ Capacities have been consolidated by customers by global sourcing options †¢ Increased Competition that has led to downward pressure on pricing †¢ Increased bargaining powers of the buyers †¢ Pressure to keep up with the rapid technological change This has led to regional players being marginalized and having to either merge with larger players or operate only in specialized niche markets. A direct outcome of the consolidation is that the global laminate industry is now dominated by big three players EPL, Alcan and Betts. 4.II. Essel Propack Origins Growth Story EPL is a part of the Essel Group headed by Subhash Chandra which also owns Zee Entertainment Enterprises (the largest media and Entertainment Company in India). EPL was incorporated in 1982 and started production in 1984. The company was the first in India to enter the laminated tubes business. In 2004, it entered the plastic tubes industry. 2006 saw the company make its first acquisition and forayed turned to business of medical devices by evolving 2 medical devices- one based in USA and the other in Singapore. Again in 2006, Essel Propack (EP) penetrated the specialty packaging materials industry by acquiring a South India based company. As on today, EPL is the worlds largest packaging company with manufacturing of laminated and seamless tubes having a wide variety of applications in cosmetics, personnel care, pharmaceutical, oral care and food and industrial sectors. The client base is enviable with several multinational clients as well as domestic ones. Not only that, it has succ essfully managed to create production facilities in countries like China, USA, UK, Russia, Germany, Mexico, Colombia, Philippines, Indonesia, Egypt, Poland and Singapore and of course India. As mentioned earlier with an estimated 32% global market share it is the undisputable leader in the laminated tubes market. In 2001, Essel Packaging (Guangzhou) Ltd, the Chinese subsidiary of EPL, was awarded the ‘‘Most Reliable Enterprise of 2001; In 2006, Essel Propack was a mentioned in Forbes Asias Annual Best Under Billion Companies. Clearly, then Essel Propack has emerged as the one of the worlds best in a relatively short span. From the revenue charts over the years, it can be clearly seen that growth has been incremental but real tapering off in recent years due to the economic slowdown. The segment revenue as on 31.12.2008 is as follows:- 4.III. The phases of growth The first phase was began in 1984, when the company began catering to the packaging needs of the oral care industry by manufacturing tubes and converting aluminum tube users into laminated tubes. Slowly the company also began to serve other related industries such as cosmetics, toiletries, industrial products etc. The second phase started in 1992 with setting up its first overseas venture in Egypt. The third phase saw EPL penetrate the plastic tubes industry with the acquisition of Arista Tubes, UK. The fourth phase marked the entry into medical devices in 2006 by acquiring Tacpro Inc., USA and Avalon Medical Devices, Singapore. It also entered into specialty packaging for personnel care and food industries with the acquisition of Packaging India Pvt Ltd, a leading specialty packaging material company in south India. The company has largely followed Acquisition combined with setting up subsidiaries as a primary medium of rapid expansion. Following are the some of the milestones years in the growth path:- †¢ In 1993, EPL sets up its first overseas venture in Egypt. †¢ In 1997, the company forms a wholly owned subsidiary in Guangzhou, China †¢ In 1999, EPL set up a joint venture in Dresden, Germany. †¢ In 2000, EPL acquires the tubing operations of the Propack group (4th largest laminated tube manufacturer in the world). †¢ In 2003, EPL sets up a manufacturing plant at Danville, USA, to serve Proctor Gambles North American operations. †¢ In 2004, EPL forms Beri-Essel Closures Pvt Ltd a joint venture with a German company Bericap Holding GmbH to manufacture hi-tech closures. †¢ In August 2004, EPL acquires Arista Tubes, UKS leading seamless plastic tubes manufacturer †¢ In 2005, EPs plant in Russia began its commercial operations. Acquires another laminated tube manufacturing company named Telcon Packaging Limited in UK †¢ In 2006, the company enters the Medical Devices industry by acquiring Tacpro Inc., USA, and Avalon Medical Services, Singapore. †¢ In August 2006, the company makes its plans known to set up a plastic tubes plant in Poland. †¢ In August 2006, EP acquired Packaging India, based in the southern part of India. 4.IV. Internationalization Strategy of Essel Propack The Internalization strategy of Essel Propack is clearly the outcome of an aggressive acquisition led plan backed by the finances of the Essel Group. This suggests that the Internationalization process can be substantially accelerated with readily available funding. Each market that EPL serves has a manufacturing plant installed that serves the host country as well as others that are its neighbors. In the Uppsala model Essel Propack is at the 4th Stage where it has the capacity of producing its products abroad. This has been the outcome of its market knowledge gathered since 1984 or over a period of 25 odd years. The clearly shows that Essel Propack has grown by incremental knowledge about the markets it operates in. 4) Suzuki Suzuki Motor Corporation is the 9th largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in the world by production volume headquartered in Hamamatsu, Japan. It specializes in manufacturing compact automobiles, the full range of motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a many other small internal combustion engines. It has 35 main production facilities in 23 countries and 133 distributors in 192 countries 4.I. Maruti Suzuki Origins Growth Story Maruti Suzuki India Limited ( Based in Gurgaon) is Suzukis biggest subsidiary and has a yearly production of 626,071 units ( as on 2006). Suzuki has a majority stake (54.2% ) in the Indian auto giant with the remaining owned by the various Indian public and financial institutions. It is a joint venture in the name of Maruti-Suzuki incorporated in 1981 and listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India. The company had a 54% market share of the passenger car market in India in 2005-2006. Suzuki in its desire to penetrate the Indian passenger car market initially became a minor partner with the Indian Government as hence the joint venture Maruti Suzuki was born as a Government of India company, with Suzuki as a minor partner. The clear objective was to make a peoples car for the humongous middle class India. Suzuki in the 1980s already had major share in the wheeler segment and was looking to penetrate the Indian 4 wheeler segment. The socio- political situation in India existing at that point in time made the Indian Government scout for a foreign collaborator for the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhis pet project to produce a â€Å"Peoples Car†. A group of Indian technocrats was given the role to source out a collaborator for this project. Toyota, Nissan and Honda the market leaders were all considered but Suzuki won the bid due to the persistence of Osamu Suzuki the CEO Chairman of Suzuki. The Joint venture was so successful that it prompted Suzuki to incr ease its equity participation from 25% to the current 54.2% thereby becoming the controlling parent company. There have been other subsidiaries in India:- SUZUKI POWERTRAIN INDIA LIMITED: Produces engines for cars SUZUKI MOTORCYCLE INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED: Produces Two Wheelers under brand name Suzuki. The first car was introduced in to India in 1898. Though imports of completely assembled cars were a recurring phenomenon in India, the local assembly of cars was missing until 1928. As a part of its internationalization plan, General Motors already had an assembly plant in Bombay in 1928 to reassemble cars and trucks using completed knocked down (c.k.d) kits sourced directly from USA. Ford Motor Company established also took the lead and rapidly established assembly plants in Madras in 1930 and Calcutta in 1931. However, full sledged manufacture of cars really started in 1942 with the Birla Group establishing Hindustan Motors Limited in Calcutta and the Walchand Group establishing Premier Automobiles Limited in Bombay. In the wake of these developments, the Standard Motor Products Limited was established to manufacture automobiles in Madras in the year 1948. However in 1947, as the British rule in India was heading towards an end, the Government of British India created a Panel on Automobiles and Tractors to recommend a framework for establishing manufacturing facilities in the country. The outcome of the panels study was its recommendation to encourage transport industry in India for her economic development. Due to the economic situation prevalent at that time, the Government of India viewed passenger cars as ostentatious and saw no real need to assign priority level to this industry. Nonetheless, the government did see merit in encouraging private investment in domestic manufacturing of passenger cars. The natural fallout of this thinking resulted in the government passing an ordinance that if the foreign players didnt have any significant plans in manufacturing cars locally then they should exit India within a span of three years. This effectively terminated the Indian relationship with General Motors and Ford Motors and they stopped their operations. A point to be noted here is that internationalization should always be integrated with the existing government thinking and policies, a hostile government will generally not allow foreign players to effectively run their operations, as we have seen in the case of General Motors and Ford Motors. With the exit of General Motors and Ford Motors, the car industry in India had just two main players: Hindustan Motors manufacturing under the brand name â€Å"Ambassador† and Premier Automobiles manufacturing under the brand name â€Å"Fiat†. However, the cars produced remained the exclusive purchases of the rich and famous and most people couldnt afford to buy them. The quality of these cars was poor by international standards which further erected barriers in purchases. This resulted in a poor offtake and low volume providing little motivation for the other entrepreneurs in the automobile industry for the next thirty years and this industry grew at a really slow pace during these years. As mentioned earlier it was not until the sixties that the government felt a need to produce small passenger cars. Sanjay Gandhi, the son of the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was entrusted with the responsibility of manufacturing small passenger cars and he started a company called Maruti Limited to do realize government ambitions. However by 1977, the company was liquidated prompting the Government of India by an Act of the Parliament to acquire Maruti Limited and rename it to Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL). MUL became a public sector company fully owned by the Government of India. The political interest in the success of the project was great and a lot rode of the success of the newly reconstituted MUL. An optimistic production target for MUL was set at manufacturing 100,000 small passenger economy cars in a period of five years which required it to have the best technical team. The management of MUL started looking for a foreign collaborator that had the potential to sat isfy its needs of providing a low cost fuel-efficient car engine of below 1000cc. 11 large established automobile companies from UK, France, West Germany, Italy and Japan were considered and invited to be partners. Most foreign partners however seemed highly cautious with the proposed joint venture. It seemed that Mitsubishi Motors of Japan was to be the likely winner in the race to partner the Indian Government. Surprisingly however Suzuki Motors was chosen amongst several of its more illustrious peers because of its attractive offer and high speed of working. The agreement finalized on October 2, 1982 formed the basic bedrock for the introduction of Suzuki and its long term successful partnership with the Indian Government. 4.II. Internationalization Strategy Osamu Suzukis vision was central in Suzuki Motors bid to enter India. His commitment to the cause made managers from MUL comfortable discussing issues with Osamu Suzuki. The real reason for MUL selecting Suzuki was because of the quickness of making decisions. Clearly, Suzuki was more committed to the cause compared to Mitsubishi Motors which was mired in the bureaucracy of its working. Osamu Suzuki was quick to realize that the current demand for 50,000 cars per year was due to a poor product and inefficient manufacturing standards of Hindustan Motors and Premier Automobile. The real demand assessed by his team was pegged at least 2, 00,000 a year. This assessment was despite of the fact that in Japan at this time, Suzuki Motors was producing lesser cars (Greater than 800cc) than the target outlined by the government of India. It clearly took a calculated risk despite knowledge that it didnt have a demonstrated competency in producing cars above 800cc. According to the terms of the agreement equity participation was the chief form of involvement. Suzuki agreed on a lower equity participation because it felt that India was under-served and also because of its desire to invest in the country which had the worlds second largest population. Equity participation with Government of India has always been the chief internationalization strategy followed by Suzuki insofar as it relates to India. In many countries, Automobile is a regulated industry and FDI norms do not permit a foreign company to directly setup manufacturing facilities unless partnered with a local company. Many other bidders, barring Suzuki of course declined the lucrative joint venture due to this policy of the Government of India. They wanted to setup a directly controlled subsidiary and refused any equity participation with the Indian government. However, Suzuki Motors Company agreed to 26% shareholding in MUL in 1982 relinquishing its right to directly control the operations of the company. It gradually increased its equity stake after about six years to 40% in 1989 and then to 50% in 1992. It currently holds 54.2% and directly controls MUL as on date. This has been only possible due to gradually increasing its relationship and understanding of the Indi an market further reiterating the Uppsala model of psychic distance as a possible explanation of internationalization strategy. Celarly, here the initial production facilities were owned by the government of india, Suzuki has managed through equity pariticipation have a controlling stake in which was primarily a Government Owned enteprise. No company in the automobile segment has influenced the Indian Passenger Car market as much as Suzuki has done. Again, this bears a striking resemblence to the amount of time taken to internationalize. Clearly, since its genesis in 1983 it has taken roughly 25 years for Suzuki to become a an established major player in the Indian Sub-Continent, the same amount that was taken by Essel Propack. 5) Conclusion. The Internationalisation process has been a matter of scrutiny since the early days of international business (Aharoni, 1966; Root, 1987; Berkema and Drogendijk, 2007). Internationalisation is clearly a topic which lies at the heart of the international business field. Many questions in international business research emerge as a result of the interplay between the firm and the different locations (Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). There are two major threads to internationalisation namely, the stages approach ( emodied in the uppsala model) and the born global approach. Firms face obvious disadvantages in competing with local firms in foreign markets and therefore here , internationalisation is all about surmounting inherent disadvantages that foreignness brings with it (Hymer, 1960, 1968; Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). We saw clearly that Essel Propack needed to compete with the local pakaging suppliers and its primary intent was to surmounting this very barrier. Hence, it opted to ha ve an acquistion strategy where local manufacturers are acquired instead of directly setting up subsidiaries. As mentioned earlier, the Uppasala model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977, 1990) suggests that companies internationalise in small, incremental steps and the internationalisation of the firm should be interpreted as a sequential learning curve. (Cyert and March, 1963; Barkema and Drogendijk, 2007; Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). International expansion for many companies is limited due to the lack of knowledge about markets. Such knowledge can only be acquired through experience from operations abroad (Forsgen and Johanson, 1992). We saw in the case of Suzuki that partnering with the Government of India was the only option available if it had to penetrate the Indian Passenger Car market. In terms of the Uppsala model both India and Japan are also culturally close and have a lot in common. The success of the JV is a testament to this. The â€Å"foreign† perception and lack of information were the major reasons for organizations to follow traditional forms of internationalisation. However, future research can also focus on the â€Å"born global† framework where global firms go to international markets soon after their operations and that too at a fast pace(McKinsey, 1993; Rasmussen and Madsen, 2002). 6) References 70 years of Suzuki Motors Corporation, Suzuki Motors Corporation, Japan, 1990 Annual Report 1998-99, Maruti Udyog Limited, India Aharoni, Y. (1966), The Foreign Direct Investment Decision Process, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA. Athreye Suma Kapur Sandeep (1999) Foreign Controlled Manufacturing Firms in India Long-Term Trends Economic and Political Weekly, November 27, 1999 Barkema, H.G. and Drogendijk, R. (2007), ‘‘Internationalizing in small, incremental or larger steps?, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 1132-48. Chaterjee, Bhaskar (1990) Japanese Management Maruti and the Indian Experience Companies, 2nd International Conference of Association ofInternational Business-India Chapter, Loyola College, Chennai, Jan 14-16. Cyert, R.M. and March, J.G. (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Blackwell Business, Cambridge, MA. Data Base Select Report, Research Institute of Economic and Business, Kobe University, Japan Encamation, Dennis (1 989) Dislodging Multinationals, Indias Strategy in Comparative Perspective, Cornell University Press. FDI from Japan to India, http://www.mof.gojp/english/elc008.htmMarch, 2000 Foreign Direct Investment approved by the Government of India, 1990-2000, Indian Investment Center, Government of India. History: Suzuki Motors, 1909-2001, http://www.suzuki.co.jp/cpd/kobe_e/6-l.htmJanuary. 2000 Forsgen, M. and Johanson, J. (1992), ‘‘Managing in international multi-centre firms, in Forsgen, Hutzschenreuter, T., Pedersen, T. and Volberda, H.W. (2007), ‘‘The role of path dependency and managerial intentionality: a perspective on international business research, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 1055-68. Hymer, S. (1960), ‘‘The international operations of national firms: a study of direct investments, Hymer, S. (1968), ‘‘La grande firme internattionale, Revue Economique, Vol. 14 No. 6, pp. 949-73. 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Australias High Value-Added Manufacturing Exporters, McKinsey Company and the Australian Manufacturing Council, Melbourne. Nayak, Amar KJR (2000), Disequilibrium of FDI in Extraction VI S Conservation of Natural Resources, International Conference on New Environmental Technologies, BORDA (Germany) NISW ASS (India), Bhubaneswar, Nov. 28-30 Nayak, Amar KJR (2000), Patterns ofFDI in India, Masters Dissertation, Graduate School of Business, Kobe University, Japan. Nayak, Amar KJR (2002), Dis-equilibrium of FDI in extraction vis conservation of natural resources, International Conference on New Environmental Technology, Bhubaneswar Nayak, Amar KJR (2002), Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment in India, 1900s-2000, Masters Thesis, Graduate School of Business Administration, Kobe University, Japan Nayak, Amar KJR (2003), Impact of Trade Investment Policies of GATT/WTO on India, 1955-2000, XXVII Conference of Indian Social Science Congress, lIT Kharagpur, India, Dec 3-7 Nayak, Amar KJR (2004), Globalization Process in India: A Clash of Development Objectives of Host with Growth Objectives of Foreign PhD dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Instit ute of Technology; published by MIT Press under same title in 1976. Prospectus, June 25, 2003, Maruti Udyog Limited, Rasmussen, E.S. and Madsen, T.K. (2002), ‘‘The born global concept, 28th EIBA Conference, Denmark. available at: www.aueb.gr/deos/EIBA2002.files/PAPERS/S4.pdf (accessed 23 March 2008). Records of the History ofJapanese Management and Japanese companies, Overseas Companies and Managers, 1979 Reserve Bank ofIndia, http://www.rbi.org.in January, 2000 Root, F.R. (1987), Entry Strategies for International Markets, Heath, Lexington. Sharma Kishore (2000), Export Growth in India, Has FDI Played a Role? Discussion Paper, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, http://www . econ. yale. eduz-cgccntor/ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002), Globalization and its Discontents, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London Suzuki Motor Corporation, Report to the Government of Japan, 1983 2000 Tomlinson B.R. (1989) British Business in India, 1860-1970 in Davenport-Hines, R.P.T. and Ge offrey Jones (eds.), British Business in Asia since 1860, Cambridge University Press, New York Venkataramani, Raja (1990) Japan enters Indian Industry: the Maruti-Suzukijoint venture, New Delhi: Radiant Publication To Kill A Mockingbird: Historical Accuracy To Kill A Mockingbird: Historical Accuracy To Kill a Mockingbird is based off the novel written by Harper Lee of the same title, telling the story of a young girl Jean Louis Finch and her brother Jem growing up in Alabama during the Great Depression. To Kill a Mockingbird is a fictional story about a young girl, Jean Louis Finch (Scout), and her brother, Jem, growing up in Depression-era Alabama. The film centers on the trial of a young black man accused of raping a young white woman. The film was released in 1962 and directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay, written by Horton Foote, is greatly based on the novel of the same name by Harper Lee. It stars Gregory Peck, Mary Badham, Phillip Alford, Robert Duvall, and Brock Peters. To Kill a Mockingbird won three academy awards for best actor, best screenplay, and best director, and it was nominated for five others. The 1930s Depression and the complex racial relations within the South form the historical context of To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird seeks to portray the racial injustices and prejudices against African Americans in the South, while also making a statement about civil rights issues that were occurring when the film was released. The film is greatly autobiographical of the novels author, Harper Lee, and is a study of small town life in the South. The trial of Tom Robinson in the film is reflective of the Scottsboro Trials of the 1930s and the Emmett Till Trials of the 1950s. Also, as Lee was writing the novel the Brown v. Board of Education decision had just been reached and many events in the Civil Rights movement had taken place. Rosa Parks had stirred events leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Authenine Lucy had entered the all white University of Alabama. The racial tensions leading to these events are reflected in the plot and themes of To Kill a Mockingbird. The novel and film of To Kill a Mockingbird are largely an autobiographical account of Harper Lees life. Lee has denied that the story has autobiographical elements, claiming an author only writes what she knows, but the similarities between Lees life, and Scouts life are unmistakable. The novel is set in Maycomb, Alabama, a town resembling Lees hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Like Maycomb, Monroeville was a world surrounded by racism and occasionally violence. Her childhood and the current events of the 1950s inspired Lee to write To Kill a Mockingbird. Like Scout, Lees father, A.C. Lee, was the inspiration for Atticus Finch. Like Atticus, Lee was a quiet, respected lawyer in a small town, and a member of the state legislature . Lees father had defended two blacks accused of murdering a Monroeville merchant, but the two men were found guilty and hanged . Lees mothers maiden name was Finch, which Lee directly honors by giving the main family in the film and novel the name of Finch. An important part of Lees extended family was lifelong friend, Truman Capote. Lee has admitted that Capote was the inspiration for the character of Dill Harris. Lee herself was known as a rough n tough tomboy much as Scout is portrayed. Through the use of setting, Mulligan was able to accurately portray the South in the 1930s at the height of the Depression. Maycomb, Alabama, was a tired old town in the 30s There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with. But it was a time of vague optimism. Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself. During the Depression, over farming had exhausted the soil, and tenement farming worsened the conditions. These worsened soil conditions and falling cotton process drastically effected economic situations for most blacks and whites in the South. Those with professions in towns were also affected, because, as Atticus explains in the beginning of the film, the farmers cannot afford the services of those with skilled professions in town. Almost everybody was poor. The film accurately portrays the social system of the Depression era South. There was a definite caste system in the rural South. The South had a stubborn will to hold onto its traditions of the past. The social hierarchy in society must be maintained. The film acutely attacks racism and the fear of sexual taboos in its portrayal of the justice system. It is made unmistakably plain that as a black man, Tom Robinson will not receive a fair trial. The film accurately depicts locals forming a lynch mob because they feel there is no need to even try Robinson. The film also accurately shows that racial relations were complicated on many levels in southern society. Any sexual reference between a black man and a white woman was considered a very serious offence by many whites and blacks. The set racial boundaries that had been established could not be broken . In the trial scene Atticus determines that Mayella Ewell was attracted to Tom Robinson. This caused an outrage within the courtroom because social norms held that a white woman could never be attracted to a white man. Therefore, even the suggestion that Tom Robinson had relations with Mayella Ewell causes severe prejudice against Tom in the town. . The town was not necessarily afraid of Tom Robinson, but of breaking the social norm that held a white woman could never be attracted to a white man. Therefore, Tom Robinson was guilty as soon as he was accused. An incident of lynching through mob violence was a plausible reality in the 1930s. During the depression there was a resentment of black laborers with financial freedom, such as Tom Robinson. As economic situations worsened in the South, this resentment grew. During the height of the Depression, the number of lynchings grew in direct proportion to the decrease in the economic stability of the South . There are several instances in the 1930s when black men were killed before they were put on trial. For example, in 1931 a man in Birmingham, Alabama accused of rape was an invalid and not able to commit the crime. The accusers brother however, shot the man and was never arrested for murder . The film accurately shows the small town ethics that governed people in the South in the 1930s. The idealized public society must be upheld, at the risk of rejecting the law. If the social order was ever disrupted, men felt they were obligated to use force to preserve the social norms imbedded in soc iety . To Kill a Mockingbird was written at the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. The film was released in the early 1960s. Throughout the 1950s Alabama had had many tumultuous events dealing with race occur within its borders. The Brown v. Board of Education decision began to govern race relations in the South, but often with violent opposition. The Brown decision negated the separate but equal philosophy of Plessy v. Ferguson. This philosophy had been the ruling basis of segregated Southern society since the Civil War. Brown represented the many southerners fear of racial mixing and complete social equality . These fears led to violent reactions. Tom Bradys Black Monday in which he claimed blacks would be a threat to the loveliest and the purest of Gods creaturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the well-bred, cultured Southern white woman, shows the dominant ideology in the South following the Brown decision. This ideology is directly portrayed negatively in the film, as Tom Robinson is accused of soili ng the purity of white Mayella Ewell. The Brown decision was still an issue when the film was released, and Mulligan is attempting to show the faults of such an ideology. At the same time as Brown v. Board of Education, Dr. Martin Luther King had been leading civil rights demonstrations, and African American students had staged sit-ins at lunch counters all over the South. Just months before Harper Lee began writing the novel, two major events altered the course of the Civil Rights movement. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the bus segregation ordinance, and soon after, the Montgomery bus boycott began. Then two black women, Authenine Lucy and Pollie Ann Myers had their admission rescinded from the University of Alabama when the University found out their race. Authenine Lucy sued the school and won admission. She was the first black woman to enter a southern, public university that previously been only white. However, she was severely persecuted and often mobbed . The story was covered nationally and had great emphasis placed on the importance of desegregation of universities. Lee, herself, had attended the University of Alabama a few y ears before Lucy was admitted. The trial in the film mirrors actual trials that occurred in the 1930s and the 1950s: the 1931 Scottsboro case and the 1955 Emmett Case. The Scottsboro Case became a national event of either outrage or celebration. It brought the issues of lynching laws and racial justice to a very international lever, as other countries followed the story. The Emmett Case was probably the most widely publicized trial of the century and the first great media event of the civil rights movement . The Emmett Case had great significance in the South, because it occurred very soon after the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Some white southerners were looking for excuses to persecute African Americans, and the Emmett Case brought this issue to the forefront of current events. To Kill a Mockingbird makes a blatant statement about the currents events that had recently occurred and were continuing to occur in the country. The character of Atticus Finch is a representation of the beliefs that many white Americans needed to strive for in the South. Many critics have equated Atticus to the Abe Lincoln of Alabama. Atticus believed Tom Robinson, and disbelieved Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This was a bold statement not only in the 1930s Alabama, but also in the 1960s. Social norms always accepted a white womans word as truth, and a black mans word as mistrustful . Mulligan was showing that justice should not be determined by a persons race, but by the actual facts surrounding an event. The audience that first saw this film would have understood the implications presented in the film. The film centers on the trial scene in which Atticus gives a strong lesson of not only justice, but also what constitutes humanity. The focus of the movie is on right and wrong. Mulligan was making a deliberate statement. By placing the events in the 1930s, To Kill a Mockingbird is set in time when the beliefs of men ruled their actions in defiance of the laws they professed they believed. African Americans had very few rights, and the novel and film were purposefully set before desegregation and the civil rights movement. The film seeks to show that the Supreme Court should not be needed to prove that a person of a different race is not better or worse than a person of another race. To Kill a Mockingbird is a fictional story that portrays many realities of racism in Southern life in the 1930s. The film is relating the events of the 1930s to the civil rights movement and current events of the 1950s and 1960s. The history in the film is based on Harper Lees observations growing up in a small town in Alabama, as well as events that had recently occurred within the United States right before the film was being made. The history in To Kill a Mockingbird is therefore not literally but symbolically true The film does not seek to show every historical detail of the 1930s, but shows the implications of social norms and the repercussions of these norms. The events shown in the film are subjective versions of many events of the 1930s through the 1960s that show the need for complete social equality.